Fire and Explosion: Hot work operations such as welding, cutting, and brazing can ignite flammable substances present in the work area, leading to fires or explosions [1] [2].
Toxic Fumes and Gases: The process can release hazardous fumes and gases, which can be harmful if inhaled [1].
Burns and Heat Stress: Workers are at risk of burns from hot surfaces and heat stress from working in high-temperature environments [1].
Confined Space Hazards: Performing hot work in confined spaces can exacerbate risks due to limited ventilation and escape routes [1].

Likelihood: High, especially in environments with flammable materials or inadequate ventilation.
Severity: Severe, as incidents can lead to significant injuries, fatalities, and property damage.

Elimination/Substitution: Avoid hot work if possible, or use alternative methods that do not produce sparks or flames.
Engineering Controls:
- Ensure proper ventilation to disperse fumes and gases [1].
- Use flame arrestors on equipment [2].
Administrative Controls:
- Implement a hot work permit system to ensure all safety measures are in place before work begins [2] [3].
- Conduct atmospheric testing to ensure flammable substances are below 20% of their lower explosive limit [2].
- Establish a fire watch during and after hot work operations [1].
- Train workers on hot work hazards and emergency procedures [3].
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
- Provide appropriate PPE such as flame-resistant clothing, gloves, and eye protection [1].

Conduct regular inspections and audits of hot work areas and procedures.
Review and update risk assessments and control measures following any incidents or changes in the work environment.

Develop a comprehensive hot work safety program that includes training, permits, and emergency response plans.
Ensure all workers are aware of and comply with safety procedures and use the required PPE.
Regularly review and practice emergency response procedures to ensure readiness in case of an incident.

Fire and Explosion: Hot work operations such as welding, cutting, and brazing can ignite flammable substances present in the work area, leading to fires or explosions [1] [2].
Toxic Fumes and Gases: The process can release hazardous fumes and gases, which can be harmful if inhaled [1].
Burns and Heat Stress: Workers are at risk of burns from hot surfaces and heat stress from working in high-temperature environments [1].
Confined Space Hazards: Performing hot work in confined spaces can exacerbate risks due to limited ventilation and escape routes [1].

Likelihood: High, especially in environments with flammable materials or inadequate ventilation.
Severity: Severe, as incidents can lead to significant injuries, fatalities, and property damage.

Elimination/Substitution: Avoid hot work if possible, or use alternative methods that do not produce sparks or flames.
Engineering Controls:
- Ensure proper ventilation to disperse fumes and gases [1].
- Use flame arrestors on equipment [2].
Administrative Controls:
- Implement a hot work permit system to ensure all safety measures are in place before work begins [2] [3].
- Conduct atmospheric testing to ensure flammable substances are below 20% of their lower explosive limit [2].
- Establish a fire watch during and after hot work operations [1].
- Train workers on hot work hazards and emergency procedures [3].
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
- Provide appropriate PPE such as flame-resistant clothing, gloves, and eye protection [1].

Conduct regular inspections and audits of hot work areas and procedures.
Review and update risk assessments and control measures following any incidents or changes in the work environment.

Develop a comprehensive hot work safety program that includes training, permits, and emergency response plans.
Ensure all workers are aware of and comply with safety procedures and use the required PPE.
Regularly review and practice emergency response procedures to ensure readiness in case of an incident.