Confined spaces present unique hazards that require specific safety measures. A confined space is typically defined as an enclosed or partially enclosed space that is not designed for regular human occupancy and has limited or restricted entry or exit 11, 13, 14, 16. These spaces can become hazardous due to their design, construction, location, atmosphere, or the materials within them [1].

Key Safety Requirements:

1. Hazard Assessment: Before entry, a competent person must assess the confined space to identify and evaluate potential hazards such as atmospheric hazards, engulfment risks, and physical dangers 2, 3, 6, 18. If there is reason to believe that conditions inside a confined space have changed with respect to the last hazard assessment, the employer must ensure that the space is reassessed and treated in accordance with the new findings [2].
2. Entry Procedures and Permits: Employers must establish written procedures for safe entry, exit, and occupancy of confined spaces 1, 6. Entry into a confined space should not occur without proper authorization [3] and a valid entry permit [4]. The entry permit should list the names of workers entering the space, the reason for entry, the location of the confined space, and the time the permit is valid [4].
3. Training: Workers assigned duties related to confined space entry must be trained by a competent person in recognizing hazards and performing their duties safely 2, 6. Training should cover the proper use of personal protective equipment, written rescue procedures, and communication methods [5]. Employers must keep records of the training provided [6].
4. Atmospheric Testing and Ventilation: The atmosphere inside the confined space must be tested for oxygen levels, flammable gases, and toxic air contaminants before entry 5, 18. If a hazardous atmosphere exists or is likely to exist, the space must be ventilated or purged before entry 4, 10. Continuous forced-air ventilation must be used to maintain a safe atmosphere during work 4, 12.
5. Emergency Preparedness: Employers must develop and implement emergency procedures, including rescue plans, for confined spaces 4, 10. Rescue procedures should include immediate evacuation when an alarm is activated or if there is a potentially hazardous change in the atmosphere [5]. Workers must not enter or remain in a confined space unless an effective rescue can be carried out [7].
6. Equipment and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Ensure that appropriate safety and personal protective equipment is available, used, and inspected before entry 2, 6, 15. This includes equipment for rescue operations 2, 3. Electrical equipment and atmospheric monitoring equipment used in confined spaces with flammable substances must be intrinsically safe [8].
7. Code of Practice: An employer must have a written code of practice governing the practices and procedures to be followed when workers enter and work in a confined space [6]. The code of practice must be maintained, periodically reviewed, and identify all existing and potential confined space work locations at a work site [6].