Confined space entry requires strict adherence to safety procedures to mitigate potential hazards. These procedures include hazard assessment, ventilation, and emergency rescue plans.

A comprehensive confined space hazard assessment and control program is essential. This program should detail the roles and responsibilities of all involved, methods for identifying confined spaces, and assessment of potential hazards present at the start and those that may arise during work activities. It also includes atmospheric testing procedures, hazard control plans, written work procedures, training programs, and an entry permit system. [7] [7]

Before entering a confined space, a trained person should identify and evaluate all existing and potential hazards inside and outside the space. Air quality testing should be conducted from outside the confined space, ensuring testing throughout the space from side to side and top to bottom. [4] [4]

The air quality testing should confirm:

Oxygen content is within safe limits. A hazardous atmosphere (toxic gases, flammable atmosphere) is not present. Ventilation equipment is operating properly. [4]

Mechanical ventilation is typically necessary to maintain air quality in a confined space. Ensure the air supplied is clean throughout the space and that exhaust is directed away from workers outside the space. Avoid substituting oxygen for fresh air, as this increases the risk of fire and explosion. [8] [6] [6] [6]

Emergency rescue plans should be detailed in the confined space hazard assessment and control program. Rescue personnel qualified in confined space rescue procedures should be immediately available nearby. Rescue should be performed from outside the confined space whenever possible, and rescuers must be fully trained and equipped with appropriate PPE, including SCBA or supplied air respirators. [1] [1] [9] [9]

Constant communication must be maintained between workers inside the space and an attendant outside. The attendant must monitor the confined space and surrounding area for dangerous conditions, order immediate evacuation if a potential hazard is detected, and call for emergency assistance if needed. The attendant should not perform other duties that interfere with their monitoring responsibilities. [3] [1] [1] [1] [1]

Appropriate training is crucial for all workers entering confined spaces, attendants, and rescue personnel. Training must include hazard recognition, control procedures, equipment use, communication systems, safe work procedures, and emergency response. Hands-on training with safety equipment is essential, and rescue procedures should be practiced regularly. [2] [2] [10]

An entry permit system is an administrative tool to document hazard and risk assessments for each confined space entry. The permit should include the scope of work, possible hazards, entry and exit times, atmospheric testing details, hazard control measures, communication means, and the emergency plan. The permit must be signed by the air tester and the supervisor, indicating the space is safe for entry and work. The permit should be posted at the confined space until work is completed, and a copy kept on file. [5] [3] [3]