Confined spaces present unique hazards that require specific safety measures. A confined space is typically defined as an enclosed or partially enclosed space that is not designed for continuous human occupancy and has limited or restricted means of entry or exit 11, 12, 14, 15, 20. These spaces can become hazardous due to their design, construction, location, atmosphere, or the materials within them 7, 14.

Key safety measures include:

• Hazard Assessment: Before entry, a competent person must identify and assess potential hazards, specifying necessary inspections and tests 3, 6. The assessment findings must be recorded in a signed and dated report [1].
• Entry Procedures: Employers must establish written procedures for safe entry, exit, and occupancy of confined spaces, developed in consultation with the workplace committee or health and safety representative 1, 3, 8, 12. These procedures should include rescue plans and effective communication methods 2, 4, 9.
• Entry Permits: Entry into a confined space should not be allowed without a valid entry permit, which lists entrants, the location of the space, the time the permit is valid, and considerations for the work being done [2].
• Training: Workers assigned duties related to confined space entry must be trained by a competent person in hazard recognition and safe work practices 3, 5, 8, 9. Training records should be maintained [3].
• Safety Equipment: Appropriate safety and personal protective equipment must be available and used by workers entering, occupying, or leaving a confined space 4, 6, 9, 17. This equipment must be inspected before each use [2].
• Atmospheric Testing and Ventilation: The atmosphere within a confined space must be tested for oxygen levels, flammable gases, and toxic air contaminants before entry 2, 13, 19. If a hazardous atmosphere exists or is likely to exist, the space must be ventilated or purged before entry 2, 17, 19. Continuous forced-air ventilation may be required to maintain a safe atmosphere during work 2, 18, 19.
• Emergency Response: Employers must develop and implement emergency procedures, including immediate evacuation protocols, in case of an accident or other emergency 2, 4, 19. Effective rescue measures must be in place before entry is allowed 2, 5, 13, 19.