Write a toolbox talk on working at height

Working at height is high-risk work and must be planned before the job starts. Falls remain a leading cause of serious injury and death, and most incidents are preventable through planning, selecting the right equipment, and training workers to recognize hazards and use controls correctly. A safe work procedure should require a task-specific risk assessment, selection of the safest feasible control, inspection of the work area and equipment, authorization to proceed, and supervision by a competent person. [1] [2] [3]

Key toolbox talk points:

• Fall prevention comes first: eliminate the need to work at height where possible, then use passive protection such as guardrails, covers, and barriers before relying on personal fall arrest systems.
• Use fall protection whenever required by the task, exposure, and applicable OSHA rule. In construction, guardrails, safety nets, and/or personal fall-arrest systems must be in place where there is a risk for falls, and guardrails are required on work surfaces where workers are at risk of falls greater than 6 feet.
• Protect all unguarded edges, floor openings, skylights, and holes. Covers must be secured, strong enough for the load, and clearly marked where required.
• Ladders and scaffolds must be the right equipment for the job, set up on stable ground, inspected before use, and used only as intended. Do not use makeshift platforms or stand on top rails, buckets, or ladders placed on lifts or scaffolds.
• Scaffolds and elevating work platforms must be inspected before use, used within manufacturer load limits, and operated only by trained and authorized personnel where required.
• Dropped objects can seriously injure people below. Secure tools and materials, keep loads within platform limits, use toeboards or debris controls where needed, and establish exclusion zones below overhead work.
• A permit to work should be used for non-routine or high-risk work at height to confirm hazards, controls, rescue arrangements, weather limits, isolation needs, access restrictions, and authorization before work begins.
• A competent person must identify existing and predictable hazards, verify controls, inspect equipment and the work area, stop unsafe work, and take prompt corrective action.
• Workers using PFAS must be trained in fitting, anchorage selection, tie-off, swing-fall and clearance hazards, inspection, and emergency actions after a fall.
• Never start work at height without an emergency rescue plan. Relying only on calling emergency services is not enough.

[13] [7] [5] For fall prevention and edge protection, use the hierarchy of controls. First eliminate the exposure, then install passive systems such as guardrails, covers, and barriers, then use travel restraint, and only then rely on fall arrest. Unguarded edges, open holes, improper guardrails, slippery surfaces, and damaged access equipment are common unsafe conditions. Workers should never lean over guardrails, ignore barricades, or work near edges without protection. Where guardrails are used, they should be complete and maintained, including top rail, mid-rail, and where needed toeboards to reduce falling-object risk. [1] [13] [7]

For ladders, scaffolds, aerial lifts, and scissor lifts, choose the correct access method for the task rather than the most convenient one. Inspect equipment before each shift, confirm the ground or supporting surface is stable and level, maintain required clearances from power lines, and follow manufacturer instructions and load limits. Workers must stand on the platform floor, keep gates and chains closed, and never use planks, boxes, buckets, or ladders on a lift to gain extra height. Scissor lifts rely primarily on guardrails; aerial lifts typically require a personal fall arrest or travel restraint system attached to the designated anchor point. [1] [11] [12] [18]

Harnesses and other PFAS components must be inspected before each use and removed from service if defective or if they have been subjected to impact loading. Check webbing and stitching for cuts, tears, abrasion, fraying, stretching, mold, chemical damage, and deployed shock absorbers. Inspect hooks, connectors, rope grabs, and anchorages for deformation, wear, corrosion, and proper operation. The harness must fit snugly, with the back D-ring centered between the shoulder blades. Use only approved anchor points and never attach a PFAS to a guardrail unless it is specifically engineered and approved for that purpose. [10] [10] [14] [14]

When using PFAS, ensure the anchorage and system are suitable for the task and rescue method. Anchorages for PFAS should be capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds per attached worker, and the system must be rigged to limit free fall and prevent contact with a lower level. Calculate total fall distance, including free fall, deceleration, harness stretch, worker height below the D-ring, and any swing-fall exposure. Keep tie-off as high as practical to reduce free-fall distance. [14] [14] [15]

A risk assessment for work at height should identify where a person could fall, what they could fall onto, how far they could fall, access and egress issues, weather, surface condition, structural integrity, nearby power lines, dropped-object exposure, rescue constraints, and whether the selected controls remain effective as conditions change. Review the assessment before work starts and again immediately before and during the task if conditions change. Stop work if hazards cannot be controlled. [6] [8] [9]

A permit to work for work at height should verify the exact location and task, identified fall hazards, selected controls, edge protection, equipment inspection status, weather limits, exclusion zones below, electrical hazards, rescue method, communication arrangements, emergency contacts, and names of authorized workers, supervisor, and competent person. The permit should also confirm that workers are trained, medically fit where required, and that the area has been made safe for others. [5] [5] [5]

Competent person requirements are critical. OSHA defines a competent person as someone capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in personal fall protection systems and their use, and who has authority to take prompt corrective action. On site, that means the competent person should verify the risk assessment, inspect the work area and equipment, confirm anchor points and edge protection, ensure workers are trained and authorized, monitor changing conditions, and stop the job if controls are inadequate. [18] [15]

Every work-at-height job needs a written rescue plan that is specific to the site and task. It must identify rescue methods, equipment, anchor points, communication systems, emergency access routes, first-aid arrangements, and who will perform the rescue. Rescue capability must be available immediately; calling public emergency services alone is not an adequate plan. This is especially important because a worker suspended in a harness can develop suspension trauma within minutes, and death may occur in less than 30 minutes. [4] [5] [5] [8]

Minimum PPE for work at height should be based on the risk assessment and safe work procedure.

• Head protection appropriate to the site and falling-object risk
• Safety footwear with good grip suitable for the surface and weather
• Gloves appropriate for the task and equipment handling
• Eye protection where there is dust, debris, cutting, drilling, or grinding
• High-visibility clothing where mobile plant, traffic, or low visibility is a factor
• Full-body harness, lanyard, lifeline, and compatible connectors when fall restraint or fall arrest is required
• Tool lanyards or other securing methods where dropped-object hazards exist

[6] For OSHA compliance, follow the applicable standard for the work method being used and your company safe work procedures. Key OSHA-aligned expectations include providing fall protection at required trigger heights, protecting unprotected sides and edges, using compliant guardrails and toeboards where required, ensuring aerial-lift users wear and attach fall protection to the boom or basket, using full guardrails on scissor lifts, training workers to recognize fall hazards, and ensuring personal fall protection systems meet OSHA performance, care, and use criteria. Safe work procedures should also require pre-job planning, equipment inspection, competent supervision, and documented training. [7] [16] [18] [17]

Before starting today's job, confirm: the hazard assessment is complete, the permit is approved, edge protection is in place, ladders/scaffolds/lifts are inspected, harnesses and anchor points are checked, tools are secured, weather is acceptable, the competent person is identified, and the rescue plan and communication method are understood by everyone.